Contents
XIX
Formation of Porphobilinogen
684
Formation of Uroporphyrinogen III
685
Formation of Coproporphyrinogen III
685
Formation of Protoporphyrinogen IX
685
Formation of Protoporphyrin IX and Heme
685
Disorders of Heme Biosynthesis
686
Hepatic Porphyrias
687
Erythropoietic Porphyrias
688
29.3
Heme Catabolism
689
Formation of Bilirubin
690
Circulatory Transport of Bilirubin
691
Hepatic Uptake, Conjugation, and Secretion
of Bilirubin
692
Bilirubin in the Intestinal Tract
694
Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism
694
Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemias
694
Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemias
694
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia
696
Supplemental Readings
and References
696
CHAPTER
30
Endocrine Metabolism I:
Introduction
30.1
Hormonal Amines
700
30.2
Peptide, Protein, and Glycoprotein
Hormones
701
30.3
Steroid Hormones
702
The A4 Pathway: 3/ÎHSD
705
Directional Flow Valve: CYP17
705
The Corticosteroid Pathway Is Initiated by
21 -Hydroxylase (CYP21 )
705
The Sex Steroid Pathway Is Initiated by
17a-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase (CYP17)
706
Synthesis of Androgens: 17,20-Lyase
706
Synthesis of Estrogens: Aromatase (CYP19)
706
Steroid-Binding Serum Proteins
707
Eicosanoids
709
30.4
Mechanism of Hormone Action
709
30.5
Types of Hormone Receptors
710
Nuclear Receptors
710
Thyroid Hormone Receptors
710
Steroid Hormone Receptors
711
Cell Surface Receptors
713
G-Protein-Coupled Adenylate Cyclase-cAMP
System
713
Abnormalities in Initiation of G-Protein
Signal
717
G-Protein-Coupled Phosphatidylinositol- Ca2+
Pathway
718
Mechanism of the Calcium Messenger
System
718
Receptors for Insulin and Growth Factors
721
Receptors for Growth Hormone and
Prolactin
722
30.6
Organization of the Endocrine System
722
Supplemental Readings
and References
726
CHAPTER
31
Endocrine Metabolism II:
Hypothalamus and Pituitary
31.1
Hypothalamus
729
Hypophysiotropic Peptides (Table 31-1)
730
Neurohypophyseal Peptides
733
Neuroregulatory Peptides
733
Brain-Gut Peptides
733
Endogenous Opiates
735
31.2
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
736
Somatomammotropin Family
737
Growth Hormone (GH Somatotropin)
737
Actions of GH
738
Regulation of GH Release
739
Insulin-like Growth Factors (IGFs)
739
Disturbances in GH and IGF
740
Prolactin
741
Disturbances in Prolactin
742
